焦作市城区夜景照明管理办法
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焦作市城区夜景照明管理办法
焦作市城区夜景照明管理办法
第一条 为了加强城市夜景照明的规划、建设和管理，营造优美、文明、靓丽的城市夜景，进一步优化城市环境，提升城市品位，根据国务院《城市市容和环境卫生管理条例》、《河南省＜城市市容和环境卫生管理条例＞实施办法》，结合本市实际，制定本办法。
第二条 本办法所称城市夜景照明指建(构)筑物照明、广场照明、公园照明、桥梁照明、绿化照明、广告照明以及公共装饰性照明等。
第三条 市城市管理部门是城市夜景照明的行政主管部门。规划、建设、财政、园林、供电等部门应当按照各自的职责，协同做好城市夜景照明工作。
第四条 城市夜景照明管理工作应当遵循“统一规划、业主承担、全面覆盖、重点突出、长效照明”的原则。
第五条 城市夜景照明应采用新技术、新工艺、新材料、新光源和节能灯具，坚持标准化、规范化、工艺化，建成精品工程。
第六条 市城市管理部门应会同市规划、建设、财政、园林、供电等部门编制城市夜景照明规划，以指导城市夜景照明建设。
第七条 下列建(构)筑物、设施及场所应当在规定期限内按照夜景照明规划及标准设置夜景灯光照明设施：
（一）城市主要道路两侧的建(构)筑物，以及主要道路两侧以外，但在视野范围内的高大建(构)筑物、重要建(构)筑物；
（二）桥梁、广场、公园、绿地、景点、游园等公共场所；
（三）各类发射、接收塔；
（四）户外广告、门店招牌；
（五）繁华商业区；
（六）城市出入口；
（七）大型城市雕塑；
（八）按照城市夜景照明规划应当设置的建(构)筑物、设施、场所等。
第八条 城市夜景照明工程应按照市统一规划进行建设。对新建建(构)筑物时应与夜景照明工程同步设计、同步施工、同步验收、同步使用，所需经费纳入建(构)筑物预决算。
第九条 城市夜景照明建设由产权单位(个人)负责，已实行物业管理的由物业管理单位负责组织建设。
第十条 市政设施、广场、绿地等社会公用设施夜景照明建设维护费用由相应财政负担。沿街建(构)筑物、户外广告夜景照明建设维护费用由产权单位（个人）负担。
第十一条 夜景照明工程所用原材料及工程安装质量必须符合国家有关技术规定，同时配备防水、防火、防风、防漏电、防爆等保护设施，保证设置牢固和使用安全。
第十二条 夜景照明灯饰的光源、颜色、造型不得与交通信号灯等特殊用途的灯光相似，以免造成混淆。
第十三条 任何单位和个人不得擅自拆除、改变、移动、损坏夜景照明设施。
第十四条 夜景照明设施由设置单位(个人)负责维护，保持功能良好和容貌整洁。图案、文字、灯光显示不全或者污浊、陈旧以及损坏的，应当及时维护、修复或者更换。
第十五条 夜景照明灯饰应按市城市管理部门要求按时开启，不得有灯不开、开而不全、时开时关、迟开早关。
夜景照明设施在国家法定节假日及重大活动期间，开灯时间与路灯同步，闭灯时间不得早于23：30；星期五、星期六开灯时间与路灯同步，闭灯时间不得早于22：30。
第十六条 市城市管理部门对按照城市夜景照明规划建设并经验收合格的夜景照明工程产权单位（个人），应与其签订协议书，对夜景照明效果好、亮灯率高的，按照下列规定给予相应的电费补助和奖励：
（一）党政机关、财政全供的事业单位、个别亏损企业的重点建筑，按用电电费的80％予以补助；其中市及市以上单位由市财政补助，区及区以下单位按财政供给渠道由本级财政补助。
（二）工业、商业、金融、流通、邮政、电信、文化娱乐、宾馆饭店等经营性企业中效益较差的单位，给予用电电费30％的补助。
各县（市）区人民政府，高新区管委会，市人民政府有关部门：
为进一步规范和完善乡镇财政管理体制，加强乡镇财政收支管理，促进县乡财政协调健康发展，市政府决定在全市推行“乡财县管”改革。现提出如下意见：
（三）市城管部门、财政部门、电业部门认定的无经费来源但需要进行夜景照明的特殊建筑物（如民用住宅）给予用电电费100％的补助。
（四）市财政每年拿出夜景照明电费总量的20％用于奖励。
具体办法由市财政、城管部门与电业部门制定并向社会公布。
第十七条 对在节假日和重大活动期间，不按要求开灯的单位，将扣除市财政补助的电费，发现一次扣除30%，发现3次全部扣除。
第十八条 故意损毁、偷盗夜景照明设施，或者拒绝、阻碍城市管理人员和城管行政执法人员依法执行公务的，由公安机关依照《中华人民共和国治安管理处罚条例》予以处罚；对构成犯罪的，依法追究其刑事责任。
第十九条 夜景照明管理工作人员应当严格执行法律、法规和本办法的规定。对玩忽职守、滥用职权、徇私舞弊的管理人员，由其所在单位或者上级主管部门给予行政处分；构成犯罪的，依法追究刑事责任。
第二十条 各县（市）城市夜景照明管理工作可参照本办法制定管理措施。
第二十一条 本办法执行中的具体应用问题由市城市管理部门负责解释。
第二十二条 本办法自2004年8月1日起施行。
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张生贵：实用新型专利无效宣告行政案件的法律分析
【案情】公民王某研发了球形水箱的支架技术，2008年被授予实用新型专利，一家民营公司在生产经营此类支架，王某为些提出专利权主张，公司则向专利局申请宣告专利无效，专利复审委经口审后，认为本专利不具有创造性，随做出宣告无效的决定，王某不服，向法院提起行政之诉。
【法理】专利无效宣告是否被撤销，需要通过司法审查，在司法审查程序当中，依据行政诉讼法规定，主要审查行政机关宣告无效的法律依据、事实理由、审查程序是否合法。
【诉由】王某认为第XXX号无效宣告请求审查决定书，认定事实错误，专利复审委的审查员在判断实用新型专利的创造性时，存在脱离审查原则的行为，依据《行政诉讼法》第五十四条第（二）项规定，应予依法撤销行政决定。
【争点】
权利人认为行政决定存在的主要问题1）、违背的具体法律条款：《专利法》第二十二条 授予专利权的发明和实用新型，应当具备新颖性、创造性和实用性。“创造性”是指与现有技术相比，该“实用新型”具有实质性特点和进步；2）、2010年1月21日国家知识产权局令第55号公布的《专利审查指南》第六章 无效宣告程序中实用新型专利审查的若干规定 ４．实用新型专利创造性的审查 在实用新型专利创造性的审查中，应当考虑其技术方案中的所有技术特征，包括材料特征和方法特征。实用新型专利创造性审查的有关内容，包括创造性的概念、创造性的审查原则、审查基准以及不同类型发明的创造性判断等内容，参照本指南第二部分第四章的规定。实用新型的创造性，是指与现有技术相比，该实用新型具有实质性特点和进步。因此，实用新型专利创造性的标准应当低于发明专利创造性的标准。两者在创造性判断标准上的不同，主要体现在现有技术中是否存在“技术启示”。在判断现有技术中是否存在技术启示时，发明专利与实用新型专利存在区别，这种区别体现在下述两个方面。对于实用新型专利而言，一般着重于考虑该实用新型专利所属的技术领域。但是现有技术中给出明确的启示，例如现有技术中有明确的记载，促使本领域的技术人员到相近或者相关的技术领域寻找有关技术手段的，可以考虑其相近或者相关的技术领域。
基于上述法律及审查指南，复委会在无效宣告审查程序中出现的错误：专利复审委在考虑实用新型专利的创造性时，仅仅考虑专利技术解决方案本身，没有考虑本专利的目的和实际技术效果，将权利要求与专利目的和效果割裂开来，未作为一个整体看待，违背审查原则。专利审查指南规定，要克服简单地将对比文的技术特征结合起来轻率地否定一项专利的创造性，应当将专利的技术方案、目的和效果作为一个整体来看待。第XXX号无效宣告请求审查决定书的审查判断方法，正是放弃了对专利目的和技术效果的审查，简单对比，而没有充分地考查各自的目的和要达到的有益效果；专利复审委员会在认定专利技术与对比文献时，忽略了本专利与现有技术在水箱安装及连接方式、大小圆环、水箱入孔检修及水箱侧体装置爬梯的区别，没有考虑为本专利带来的优于或不同于已有技术的“安装操作方便、简单实用的技术效果和克服结构复杂的技术难题”。依据法律规定，复审评价时，应当评价技术方案是否具备创造性，而不是评价某一技术特征是否具备创造性。
【标准】
将“球形水箱的角钢支架”专利技术解决方案与“水塔底座”现有技术相比，对比文献“水塔底座”披露了“塔底”、“塔壁”、“框架”、“容置空间”、“顶托配件”、“抵撑片”、“锁固片”；“对比文献证据1”其中涉及的塔底、塔壁、框架、顶托连接带要素以及自下而上的组合式技术结构，明显不同于专利技术。
对比文献没有披露水塔与底座的连接技术，对框架向下设角限定为三脚杆，对比文献1的设计目的和效果重要“底座”，专利技术的设计目的是角钢“支架”，这些均与要保护的专利是两种结构完全不同的装置。“球形水箱角钢支架”专利独立权利要求的特征部分：“支架”、“环体”、“焊接于环体边缘的多个垂直的支撑杆”、“连接于同一侧的支撑杆之间的上、下横杆及分别连接于环体与上、下横杆上的连接杆”；“水箱体的上端开设有检修入孔”、“水箱一侧的边缘上设置有方便用户安装、检修的爬梯”、“爬梯的一端连接于检修入孔附近的水箱体边缘，另一端置于箱体底端”；这是“球形水箱的角钢支架”专利的整体结构中各主要部件相互结合关系的最本质技术特征，正是这种各部件的紧密组合的关系，使实用新型专利具有实质性特点。
对比文献证据2《设计通讯》“支架式水塔计算方法的研究”披露的是“若干支柱组成”、“垂直地面或自顶部略向外倾斜”、“顶部与底部与环梁连接”、“顶部环梁和水箱环梁为一整体”。“对比文献2”虽然采用了“若干支柱”的网络组合式结构，这种装置并没有披露水箱安装及水箱入孔检修、爬梯技术，且主要强调的技术特征是“箱底环梁”与“支柱顶梁”为一个整体结构，没有披露水箱与支架的安装连接方法，也没有披露“环体、焊接于环体边缘的多个垂直的支撑杆、连接于同一侧的支撑杆之间的上、下横杆以及分别连接于环体与上、下横杆上的连接杆”。
对比文献《建筑力学》“桁架结构”的梁和刚架，属于“桥梁、吊车梁”技术领域，与水箱支架并非相同的技术领域，不具有可比性。对比文献1、2、3的组合与要保护的专利技术各构件装配之间的组合无直接关系。
球形水箱的角钢支架是一种“安装方便、结构简单以及实用的球形水箱的角钢支架”，其连接杆与支撑架装置，不仅结构简单，同时提高了装配速度，达到经济实用的效果，正是为了达到实用这一目的，球形水箱的角钢支架的技术解决方案采用了“水箱”、“安装于水箱体底部的支架”、“角钢支架”包括环体、焊接于环体边缘的多个垂直的支撑杆、连接于同一侧的支撑杆之间的上、下横杆以及分别连接于环体与上、下横杆上的连接杆。目的是便于安装组合，并设有爬梯将水箱体与角钢支架有效组合，大大方便了安装和检修，入孔在上的球形箱体、结构简单的支架与由底端到顶端的爬梯构成一个整体；角钢与球形水箱体的连接方式是焊接或镙铨固定，填补了球形水箱结构的整体技术空白。本专利作用是简单实用，达到制造组装方便，提高了效率，实现了目的。相比之下，“对比文献1”的解决的是“固定”建在高处、增加供水水压、避免倾斜移位的水塔问题；“对比文献2”解决的是支架弯转点及空间结构及稳定性问题；“对比文献3”解决的是桥梁、吊车梁的荷载及结构问题。
【要点】从对比文献的组合看，虽然含盖了部分权利要求中的先需部分的技术，但因其不具备本专利的区别技术特征，显然不具备本专利的技术效果。从上面的分析得出，“对比文献1”中的水塔底座与球形水箱的角钢支架所起的作用有实质性差别，球形水箱的角钢支架与已有技术截然不同，由于目的的不同，采用的技术方案有实质差别，其所达到的效果也不同，这种技术效果对所属领域的普通技术人员来说是意相不到的，因此，将球形水箱的角钢支架的技术解决方案同目的与技术效果三者结合起来，与现有技术对比，其实质性特点是明显的。
根据《专利法》第二十二条三款关于实用新型专利创造性的规定，结合专利审查指南（2010年版）第四章规定，专利复审委要判断专利是否具备创造性，不仅要考虑专利技术解决方案本身的创新程度，而且要考虑本专利目的和实际技术效果，将其作为一个整体看待，用专利审查指南确定的解决创造性的判断标准，要克服简单地将对比文的技术特征结合起来轻率地否定一项专利的创造性的作法，而是将专利的技术方案、目的和效果作为一个整体来看待。专利复审委员会在认定专利技术与对比文献时，忽略了本专利与现有技术在水箱安装及连接方式、大小圆环、水箱入孔检修及水箱侧体装置爬梯的区别，没有考虑为本专利带来的优于或不同于已有技术的“安装操作方便、简单实用的技术效果和克服结构复杂的技术难题。复审评价申请无效宣告时存在主观因素影响对专利创造性的偏低估计，在无效宣告审查程序比对时，应当针对权利要求限定的技术方案，比如对比文献证据1里限定为向下分设四脚杆，顶托配件的连接带设计等客观局限性问题。因此，要求保护的专利技术与现有技术相比，具有更好的技术效果、节约能源、减少能耗、提高效能，已有技术不足以否定和破坏本专利的创造性。
专利技术对现有技术有着要素关系改变的技术特征，省去诸如已有技术里的顶托和连接带等一个或多个部件后，依然保持原有的全部功能，带来预料不到的技术效果，具有实质性特点和显著进步，要求保护的专利技术是对现有技术作出贡献的，体现在专利克服了技术偏见，在如何使得支撑球体水箱的技术领域里，一直存在着技术人员更多地考虑如何稳固和防止地震倾斜的技术趋向，通常认为支撑架部件越多越牢固，而舍弃往简单方便实用角度去考虑，阻碍了人们对本技术的研发，要求保护的正好克服了这些技术偏见，从而解决了技术问题，导致专利产生预料不到的技术效果。专利权人在申请专利时曾经检索已有技术，并未检到对比文献，不存在从文献当中得到启示的先决条件。本专利具备创造性，宣告无效的复审行政行为应予撤销。
国务院
中华人民共和国内河交通安全管理条例(附英文)
1986年12月16日，国务院
第一章 总 则
第一条 为加强内河交通安全管理，保障船舶、排筏、设施以及人身和财产的安全，以利社会主义建设事业的发展，特制定本条例。
第二条 本条例适用于在中华人民共和国内河通航水域航行、停泊、作业的一切船舶、排筏、设施和人员，以及船舶、排筏、设施的所有人和经营人（以下简称所有人和经营人）。前款内河通航水域，适用于国境河流中国管辖水域；但是，中国政府同其他国家政府签有协议或者协定的，按照协议或者协定执行。
第三条 各级交通管理部门设置的港航监督机构是对内河交通安全实施统一监督管理的主管机关。
第二章 船舶、排筏、设施和人员
第四条 船舶必须具备下列条件，方准航行：一、经船舶检验部门检验，持有合格的技术证书或者文件；二、经登记持有船舶国籍证书或者船舶登记证书或者船舶执照；三、按国家规定必须投保船舶险的船舶，应当持有保险文书或者证明文件；四、按国家规定配备持有合格职务证书的技术船员、驾长、渡工和其他船员。
第五条 机动船舶的船长、轮机长、驾驶员、轮机员、无线电报务员或者话务员，应当经过考试，持有合格职务证书。非机动船舶的驾长、渡工，应当经过考核，持有合格证件。其他船员应当经过安全教育和专业训练。
第六条 竹木排筏应当配备必要的安全航行设备、救生设备和足以保障安全航行的排工。排工配备标准由林业主管部门规定。排关工应当经过林业部门培训，持有合格证件。游览排筏驾驶人员的管理，由主管机关会同有关部门规定。
第七条 设施应当按国家规定配备安全设备和人员。
第八条 船舶应当按国家规定，向主管机关缴纳船舶港务费。
第三章 所有人和经营人
第九条 所有人和经营人必须遵守本条例和国家有关交通安全的规定。
第十条 所有人或者经营人必须对其所有的或者所经营的船舶、排筏、设施的安全负责，并且应当做到下列各项：一、加强对船舶、排筏、设施的安全技术管理，使之处于适航状态或者保持良好技术状况；二、配备的船员、排工或者人员必须符合国家有关规定，不得任用无合格职务证书或者合格证件的人员担任船长、轮机长、驾驶员、轮机员、报务员、话务员、驾长、渡工和排头工；三、加强对船员、排工和其他人员的技术培训和安全教育，不得强令所属人员违章操作；四、根据船舶的技术性能、船员条件、限定航区和水文气象条件，合理调度船舶；五、接受主管机关的监督检查和管理。
第四章 航行、停泊和作业
第十一条 船舶、排筏、设施在内河航行、停泊和作业，必须遵守中华人民共和国的法律、法规和港航规章。
第十二条 外国籍船舶进出中华人民共和国对外国籍船舶开放的内河港口，必须事先经主管机关批准，并申请指派引航员引航。进出港口和在内河航行期间，必须接受主管机关的检查和监护。
第十三条 中国籍船舶进出内河港口，应当办理船舶进出港签证或者接受检查。
第十四条 船舶进出港口和通过交通管制区、通航密 集区或者航行条件受到限制的区域，必须遵守中华人民共和国交通部或者主管机关公布的特别规定。
第十五条 除主管机关特别许可外，禁止船舶、排筏进入或者穿越禁航区。
第十六条 船舶不得超载运输。严禁不具备载客条件的船舶私自搭客。
第十七条 船舶从事拖带航行，应当遵守拖航的有关规定。
第十八条 船舶应当在核定的航区内航行，所采用的航速应当足以保障自身的安全和不危及其它船舶、排筏、设施的安全。在限制航速的区域内和在汛期高水位期间，应当按照规定的航速行驶。
第十九条 船舶和排筏停泊，不得妨碍其它船舶、排筏的正常航行和危及设施、堤防的安全。除无人驳船外，停泊船舶必须留有足以保证船舶安全的船员值班。
第二十条 在通航河流中人放或者拖运竹木排，应当遵守人放或者拖运竹木排的规定。规定由主管机关会同林业主管部门制定。
第二十一条 船舶、排筏、设施有下列情况之一者，主管机关有权禁止其离港，或者令其停航、停止作业、驶向指定地点：一、违反中华人民共和国的有关法律、法规或者港航规章；二、不适航或者不适拖；三、发生交通事故后手续未清；四、未向主管机关或者有关部门交付应承担的
费用，也未提供适当的担保；五、有妨碍交通安全的情况。
第二十二条 船舶、排筏、设施发生事故，对交通安全造成或者可能造成危害时，主管机关有权采取强制性处置措施。
第五章 危险货物管理
第二十三条 船舶、排筏、设施储存、装卸、运输危险货物，必须遵守国家有关危险货物管理和运输的规定。
第二十四条 船舶在港口装卸危险货物或者载运危险货物进出港口，应当按国家有关规定事先报经当地主管机关核准。
第六章 渡口管理
第二十五条 城市渡口的设置或者迁移，由当地人民政府指定的机关批准，其它渡口的设置或者迁移，由县或者县以上人民政府批准。未经批准，不得擅自设置或者迁移渡口，也不得渡客。
第二十六条 渡口管理部门应当加强对渡口的安全管理，主管机关应当加强对渡口安全管理的监督和指导。
第七章 安全保障
第二十七条 航道管理部门和助航标志管理部门，应当加强对航道和助航标志的管理和养护，保持航道畅通和助航标志明显、有效。
第二十八条 助航标志周围不得建造影响其效能的物体。航道两岸有碍航行安全的强灯光和与助航标志相混淆的灯光，应当妥善遮蔽。
第二十九条 未经主管机关或者航道管理部门批准，任何单位和个人不得擅自移动助航标志。如移动或者损坏助航标志，必须立即报告主管机关或者航道管理部门。
第三十条 使用港区岸线，应当事先附图报港口管理部门批准。在港区岸线构筑设施，应当事先经主管机关审核。
第三十一条 设置禁航区、进行水上水下施工或者体育竞赛，以及其它有碍交通安全的活动，应当事先经主管机关核准并发布航行警告或者航行通告。设置军事禁航区，应当事先与主管机关商定，由主管机关发布航行警告或者航行通告。
第三十二条 交通管制区、锚地和停泊区的划定与调整，必须征得当地人民政府同意后，由主管机关报上级机关批准。
第三十三条 在习惯航道内，禁止设置固定网具和拦河捕捞网具，不得种植水生物。擅自设置网具或者种植水生物的，主管机关应当责令所有人限期清除，或者强制清除。
第三十四条 禁止向航道倾倒砂石和废弃物。
第三十五条 沉没在通航水域的船舶、设施或者有碍航行安全的物体，其所有人或者经营人必须按规定设置标志，并报告主管机关。
第三十六条 对影响航行安全和有潜在危险的沉没物、漂流物，其所有人或者经营人应当在主管机关限定的时间内打捞清除。期不清除的，主管机关有权采取措施强制打捞清除，其全部费用由沉没物、漂流物的所有人或者经营人承担。本条前款的规定不影响沉没物、漂流物的所有人、
经营人向第三方索赔的权利。
第三十七条 未经主管机关批准，不得擅自打捞或者拆除通航水域内的沉船、沉物。
第三十八条 设施的搬迁或者拆除，沉船、沉物的打捞或者清除，水上水下施工的善后处理，均不得留有妨碍航行、停泊和作业安全的物体。
第三十九条 船舶、排筏、设施和人员发现下列情况，应当迅速向主管机关报告：一、航道变迁；二、有碍航行安全的物体；三、航行标志的损坏、失常、移位或者灭失；四、有碍航行安全的其它情况。
第四十条 内河航行警告和航行通告，由主管机关统一发布和管理。
第八章 救 助
第四十一条 船舶、排筏、设施遇险，应当采取一切有效措施组织自救，并迅速将发生事故的时间、地点、受损情况、救助要求、事故原因向就近主管机关及其所有人、经营人报告。
第四十二条 事故现场附近的船舶、排筏、设施或者人员，收到求救信号后，应当全力救助遇险人员，并将救助情况及时报告就近主管机关。
第四十三条 船舶、排筏或设施发生碰撞事故，在不危及自身安全的情况下，应当全力救助，不得擅自离开事故现场。
第四十四条 主管机关接到求救报告后，必须立即组织救助，有关部门和事故现场附近的船舶、排筏、设施和人员，应当服从主管机关的统一指挥。
第九章 交通事故的调查处理
第四十五条 船舶、排筏、设施发生交通事故，应当向主管机关提交事故报告书和有关资料，接受调查处理。竹木排筏的交通事故，由主管机关会同林业主管部门调查处理。
第四十六条 主管机关接到事故报告后，应当组织调查。事故当事人和有关人员在接受主管机关调查时，必须如实提供与事故有关的情况。
第四十七条 交通事故引起的民事纠纷，当事人可以申请主管机关调解，不申请调解或者调解不成的，可以向人民法院起诉。涉外民事案件的当事人，还可以书面协议提交涉外仲裁机构仲裁。
第十章 奖励与处罚
第四十八条 对交通安全作出显著成绩，使人员免遭伤亡或者减少伤亡、财产免遭损失或者减少损失的单位或者个人，由主管机关或者本单位给予表彰或者奖励。
第四十九条 对违反本条例或者对交通事故负有责任者，主管机关可给予下列一种或者几种处罚：一、警告；二、扣留或者吊销证书、证件；三、罚款。
第五十条 当事人对主管机关的处罚不服时，可以在接到处罚通知之日起十五日内向人民法院起诉；期满不起诉又不履行的，由主管机关申请人民法院强制执行。
第五十一条 违反本条例应当受治安管理处罚的，由公安机关处理；构成刑事犯罪的，由司法机关依法追究刑事责任。
第十一章 附 则
第五十二条 本条例下列用语的含义是：“内河通航水域”是指中华人民共和国境内的江、河、湖泊、水库、运河内船舶可以航行的水域及其港口。“船舶”是指各类排水或者非排水的船艇和移动式平台。“设施”是指水上、水下各种浮动或者固定的建筑、装置、管道、电缆和固定平台。“作业”是指在通航水域及其岸线进行装卸、勘探、开采、测量、建筑、疏浚、爆破、打捞、救助、捕捞、养殖、潜水以及科学实验和其他水上、水下施工。“交通事故”是指船舶、排筏、设施的碰撞、搁浅、触礁、触损、浪损、风灾、火灾及其它事故。
第五十三条 外国籍船舶进出内河，除遵守本条例外，还应当遵守中华人民共和国对外国籍船舶管理的有关规定。
第五十四条 军事管辖区及军用船舶和公安船舶的内部管理，由国家有关部门依据本条例另行规定。
第五十五条 渔业船舶的登记、检验，渔业船舶船员的考试、发证，渔业船舶之间交通事故的调查处理等内部管理，由国家渔政渔港监督管理部门会同主管机关依据本条例另行规定。
第五十六条 城市风景园林水域和经省、自治区、直辖市人民政府批准的厂矿企业专用水域的交通安全管理，由其所属主管部门或者厂矿企业依据本条例另行规定。
第五十七条 本条例由交通部负责解释，施行细则由交通部制定。
第五十八条 本条例自一九八七年一月一日起施行。
REGULATIONS OF THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA CONCERNING THE AD-MINISTRATION OF TRAFFIC SAFETY ON INLAND WATERS
Important Notice: (注意事项)
英文本源自中华人民共和国务院法制局编译, 中国法制出版社出版的《中华人民
共和国涉外法规汇编》(1991年7月版).
当发生歧意时, 应以法律法规颁布单位发布的中文原文为准.
This English document is coming from the "LAWS AND REGULATIONS OF THE
PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA GOVERNING FOREIGN-RELATED MATTERS" (1991.7)
which is compiled by the Brueau of Legislative Affairs of the State
Council of the People's Republic of China, and is published by the China
Legal System Publishing House.
In case of discrepancy, the original version in Chinese shall prevail.
Whole Document (法规全文)
REGULATIONS OF THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA CONCERNING THE AD-
MINISTRATION OF TRAFFIC SAFETY ON INLAND WATERS
(Promulgated by the State Council on December 16, 1986)
Chapter I General Provisions
Article 1
These Regulations are formulated to improve the administration of traffic
safety on inland waters, ensure the safety of vessels, rafts,
installations, human lives and property and thus facilitate the
development of socialist construction.
Article 2
These Regulations shall apply to all vessels, rafts, installations and
personnel, and to the owners and operators of vessels, rafts and
installations (hereafter shortened to "owners" and "operators") that
navigate, berth, or operate on the inland navigable waters of the People's
Republic of China.
The inland navigable waters mentioned in the previous paragraph shall also
cover the waters under Chinese jurisdiction in border rivers. However, if
agreements have been concluded between the Chinese government and the
governments of other countries, the agreements shall prevail.
Article 3
The harbour superintendencies set up by the communications departments at
various levels shall be the competent authorities responsible for
exercising the unified supervision and control of traffic safety on inland
waters.
Chapter II Vessels, Rafts, Installations and Personnel
Article 4
Vessels must meet the following requirements before they are allowed to
navigate:
(1) holding technical certificates or documents verified as qualified by
the vessel inspection departments after the inspection whereon;
(2) holding vessel nationality certificates, or vessel registration
certificates or vessel licences;
(3) holding insurance policies or insurance certificates as is required of
vessels which must take out vessel insurance according to the relevant
stipulations of the State;
(4) being manned with, according to the relevant State stipulations, crew
members in charge of technical work, chief crewmen, ferrymen and other
crew members who are holding valid certificates of job qualification.
Article 5
The captains, chief engineers, pilots, engineers and radio and telephone
operators of power-driven vessels shall pass examinations and hold valid
certificates of job qualification.
The chief crewmen and ferrymen of non-motorized vessels shall pass
examinations and hold qualification documents.
All other crew members must go through safety instructions and specialized
technical training.
Article 6
Bamboo and wooden rafts shall be fitted out with necessary equipment for
safe navigation, lifesaving appliance and rafters qualified for safe
navigation. The fixed number of rafters to be provided shall be stipulated
by the competent department in charge of forestry. Chief rafters shall
have received special training by the department in charge of forestry and
hold qualification documents.
The administration of rafters for tourist rafts shall be stipulated by the
competent authorities in conjunction with relevant departments.
Article 7
Installations shall be fitted out with safety equipment and personnel
according to stipulations of the State.
Article 8
Vessels shall, in accordance with stipulations of the State, pay harbour
dues to the competent authorities.
Chapter III Owners and Operators
Article 9
Owners and operators must abide by these Regulations and the stipulations
of the State concerning traffic safety.
Article 10
Owners and operators must be responsible for the safety of the vessels,
rafts and installations they own or operate and shall perform the
following obligations:
(1) administration of vessels, rafts and installations shall be
strengthened in terms of safety and technology to keep them in good shape
for navigation or good technical conditions;
(2) the relevant State stipulations must be accorded with in employing
crew members, rafters or other personnel. It is forbidden to employ
captains, chief engineers, pilots, engineers, radio operators, telephone
operators, chief crewmen, ferrymen and rafters who do not hold valid
certificates of job qualification or qualification documents;
(3) technical training and safety instructions shall be strengthened for
crew members, rafters and other personnel; the employees may not be forced
to operate against regulations;
(4) vessels shall be properly dispatched according to the technical
functions of vessels, the qualifications of crew members, the conditions
of the assigned navigation areas and also the hydrological and
meteorological conditions;
(5) they shall be subject to the supervision, examination and
administration of the competent organs.
Chapter IV Navigation, Berthing and Operations
Article 11
In navigation, berthing and operations, vessels, rafts and installations
must abide by the relevant laws, regulations and other rules and
regulations concerning harbour navigation of the People's Republic of
China.
Article 12
Vessels of foreign nationality entering and leaving the inland harbours of
the People's Republic of China that are open to foreign vessels must
obtain the approval of the competent authorities and apply to be navigated
by a Chinese pilot in advance. While they are entering and leaving the
harbours or navigating in inland rivers, foreign vessels must be subject
to the examination and supervision of the competent authorities.
Article 13
Vessels of Chinese nationality entering and leaving inland harbours shall
get port entry and departure visas or accept inspection.
Article 14
When entering or leaving the harbours or passing through traffic control
areas, crowded navigable areas and regions with limited navigational
capacities, vessels must observe the special provisions promulgated by the
Ministry of Communications of the People's Republic of China or the
competent authorities.
Article 15
Except as specially permitted by the competent authorities, vessels and
rafts are prohibited from entering or cutting across restricted navigation
zones.
Article 16
Vessels shall not engage in transportation with overload. Vessels not
equipped for carrying passengers are prohibited from taking on passengers
without permission.
Article 17
Vessels engaged in towing navigation shall observe the relevant
stipulations.
Article 18
Vessels shall navigate in the approved navigation areas at a speed which
is fast enough to ensure their own safety but not so fast as to endanger
the safety of other vessels, rafts and installations. Vessels shall
navigate at the prescribed speed in the areas where speed is restricted
and during periods of high water levels in flood seasons.
Article 19
The berthing of vessels and rafts shall not obstruct other vessels and
rafts from navigating normally or endanger the safety of installations and
dykes. Except for unmanned tug boats, there must be adequate number of
crew members on duty on board the vessels lying at anchor to ensure the
vessels' safety.
Article 20
Manned or towed bamboo and wooden rafts in navigable rivers shall observe
the relevant stipulations formulated by the competent authorities in
conjunction with the competent department in charge of forestry.
Article 21
The competent authorities shall have the right to forbid a vessel, raft or
installation from leaving the harbour, or order it to stop navigation,
cease operations or sail to the designated spot, under any one of the
following circumstances:
(1) it has violated relevant laws, regulations or other rules and
regulations of the People's Republic of China;
(2) it is in a condition not suitable for navigation or towing;
(3) it is involved in a traffic accident and the formalities have not been
completed;
(4) it has not paid the fees that are due, nor has it submitted a suitable
guarantee therefor, to the competent authorities or relevant department;
or
(5) it will in any way jeopardize traffic safety.
Article 22
When vessels, rafts and installations are involved in accidents that
jeopardize or may jeopardize traffic safety, the competent authorities has
the right to handle the matter by adopting compulsory measures.
Chapter V Control of Dangerous Goods
Article 23
When vessels, rafts and installations store, load, unload and transport
dangerous goods, they must abide by the provisions of the State concerning
the control of dangerous goods and their transport.
Article 24
When vessels load and unload dangerous goods at harbours or carry them
into or out of harbours, they shall report to the local competent
authorities for approval in advance according to the relevant provisions
of the State.
Chapter VI Administration of Ferries
Article 25
The setting-up or removal of urban ferries shall be approved by the organs
designated by local people's governments. The setting-up or removal of
other ferries shall be approved by the people's governments at the county
level or above. It is forbidden to set up or remove ferries or ferry
passengers before the approval is obtained.
Article 26
Departments of ferry administration shall strengthen safety control of
ferries. The competent authorities shall strengthen supervision and
direction for this purpose.
Chapter VII Guarantee for Safety
Article 27
Administrative departments for navigation channels and navigational aids
shall strengthen administration and maintenance of navigational channels
and navigational aids, keep channels unblocked and navigational aids
distinct and effective.
Article 28
No objects adversely affecting the efficacy of navigational aids may be
erected around them. Strong lights that hinder navigational safety or any
lights that may mix up with navigational aids on both sides of
navigational lanes, shall be properly screened.
Article 29
Without the approval of the competent authorities or administrative
departments for navigation lanes, no units or individuals may remove
navigational aids. If navigational aids have been removed or damaged, it
must be immediately reported to the competent authorities or
administrative departments for navigational lanes.
Article 30
Applications annexed by illustrations shall be made to the harbour
superintendencies for approval before the coastlines of the harbour areas
may be used. Without the examination and approval of the competent
authorities, no installations may be constructed on the coastlines of the
harbour areas.
Article 31
Approval shall be sought from the competent authorities and navigational
warnings or notices be issued before restricted navigation-zones may be
set up and surface or underwater construction, sports competitions and
other activities affecting traffic safety may be carried out.
Before a restricted military navigation zone is designated, agreement
shall be reached through consultation with the competent authorities,
which shall then issue navigational warnings or notices.
Article 32
The designation and adjustment of traffic control zones, anchorages and
berthing areas must be submitted, with the consent of the local people's
governments, by the competent authorities, to organs at higher levels for
approval.
Article 33
It is forbidden to set up fixed fishing nets and fishing nets cutting
across rivers or to grow water plants in habitual navigational lanes. The
competent authorities shall order the owners of these unauthorized fishing
nets and water plants to eliminate them or have them eliminated by
coercion.
Article 34
It is forbidden to dump gravel and trash into navigational lanes.
Article 35
If vessels, installations or objects which obstruct safe navigation sink
in navigable waters, the owners or operators must set up marks according
to the relevant provisions and report to the competent authorities.
Article 36
Sunken and drifting objects that may affect the safety of navigation and
constitute potential threats shall be gotten away with by the owners or
operators before a deadline set by the competent authorities. If these
objects are not duly cleared away, the competent authorities shall have
the right to take coercive measures to that end, and all the costs thereof
shall be borne by the owners or operators of the sunken or drifting
objects. The provisions of the previous paragraph of this Article shall
not affect the rights of owners and operators of sunken or drifting
objects to demand compensation from third parties.
Article 37
Without the approval of the competent authorities, sunken ships and
objects in the navigable waters may not be salvaged or dismantled.
Article 38
After installations are moved or scrapped, sunken ships and objects
salvaged or cleared away, and the rounding-off work of the surface or
underwater construction handled, no objects may be left to hinder the
safety of navigation, berthing and operations.
Article 39
Vessels, rafts, installations and personnel shall promptly report to the
competent authorities if they discover any of the following situations:
(1) if navigational lanes change;
(2) if there are objects hindering safe navigation;
(3) if navigational aids are damaged or abnormal, moved or lost;
(4) if there is any other situation hindering safe navigation.
Article 40
The competent authorities shall be responsible for uniformly issuing and
administering inland water navigational warnings and navigational notices.
Chapter VIII Assistance and Rescue
Article 41
Vessels, rafts and installations that are in distress shall adopt all
effective measures to organize self-help and promptly report to the
nearest competent authorities as well as their owners or operators the
time and scene of the accident, the extent of damage, the assistance
required and the cause of the accident.
Article 42
Vessels, rafts, installations or personnel in the vicinity of the scene of
an accident that have received distress signals, shall do their best to
rescue the personnel and report promptly to the nearest competent
authorities the situation at the scene.
Article 43
The vessels, rafts and installations involved in a collision shall, under
circumstances where there is no danger to their own safety, do their best
to offer assistance and may not leave the scene of the accident without
authorization.
Article 44
Upon receipt of a report calling for rescue, the competent authorities
must immediately organize a rescue operation. Departments concerned and
vessels, rafts, installations and personnel in the vicinity of the scene
of the accident shall follow the unified directions of the competent
authorities.
Chapter IX Investigation and Handling of Traffic Accidents
Article 45
Vessels, rafts and installations involved in traffic accidents shall
present accident reports and related materials to the competent
authorities and subject themselves to investigations and handling of the
matter.
Traffic accidents involving bamboo and wooden rafts shall be investigated
and handled by the competent authorities in conjunction with the
departments in charge of forestry.
Article 46
The competent authorities shall, upon receipt of accident reports,
organize investigations. The parties involved in the accidents and persons
concerned must, during investigation by the competent authorities, provide
truthful information relating to the accidents.
Article 47
If a traffic accident gives rise to a civil dispute, the parties involved
may apply to the competent authorities for conciliation. If the parties do
not apply for conciliation or conciliation is not successful, they may
bring a suit before the people's court. Parties to a case involving
foreign interests may also, based on a written agreement, submit the case
to an arbitration institution concerning foreign related matters for
arbitration.
Chapter X Awards and Penalties
Article 48
Those units or individuals that have done remarkably in ensuring traffic
safety by preventing or reducing personnel casualties and by preventing or
reducing property losses shall be commended or awarded by the competent
authorities or by their units.
Article 49
With respect to the persons who have violated the provisions of these
Regulations or who are held liable for traffic accidents, the competent
authorities may impose one or a number of the following penalties:
(1) a warning;
(2) withholding or revoking the licences or certificates;
(3) a fine.
Article 50
If a party does not accept the penalty (penalties) imposed by the
competent authorities, he may within 15 days from the date of receiving
the notice of the penalty (penalties), bring a suit before the people's
court; failure to bring a suit or comply with the penalty (penalties)
within this period shall lead to petition by the competent authorities to
the people's court for compulsory enforcement.
Article 51
Those punishable according to the relevant provisions concerning public
security administration for violations of these Regulations shall be dealt
with by public security organs; as for those criminally liable, the
judicial organs shall in accordance with the law pursue their criminal
liabilities.
Chapter XI Supplementary Provisions
Article 52
The following terms as used in these Regulations are defined as follows:
"Inland navigable waters" refers to the navigable waters in the rivers,
lakes, reservoirs and canals as well as harbours within the People's
Republic of China. "Vessels" refers to all types of displacement or non-
displacement ships, boats and mobile platforms.
"Installations" refers to all types of structures, installations,
pipelines and electric cables, on the surface or underwater, fixed or
floating, and fixed platforms as well. "Operations" refers to loading and
unloading, exploration, exploitation, survey, construction, dredging,
demolition, salvage, rescue, fishing, aquatic breeding, diving, scientific
experimentation and other surface or underwater construction carried out
in navigable waters and their shorelines.
"Traffic accidents" refers to collision, running aground, running on
rocks, damage through contact, damage by waves, windstorm, fire and other
accidents happening to vessels, rafts and installations.
Article 53
Vessels of foreign nationality entering and leaving the inland rivers
shall observe, in addition to these Regulations, the relevant provisions
of the People's Republic of China concerning administration of vessels of
foreign nationality.
Article 54
The internal administration of zones under military control and military
vessels as well as public security vessels shall be separately prescribed
by the relevant departments of the State according to these Regulations.
Article 55
The internal administration such as registration and inspection of fishing
vessels, examination and issuing of certificates for crew members of
fishing vessels and investigation and handling of traffic accidents among
fishing vessels shall be separately prescribed according to these
Regulations by the State fisheries administration and fishing ports
superintendency departments in conjunction with the competent authorities.
Article 56
The traffic safety control of the waters at urban scenic spots and gardens
and of the waters exclusively used by factories, mines and other
enterprises as approved by the people's governments of the provinces,
autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the Central
Government shall be separately prescribed according to these Regulations
by the competent departments or the factories, mines and enterprises
concerned.
Article 57
These Regulations shall be interpreted by the Ministry of Communications,
which shall also formulate the rules for the implementation.
Article 58
These Regulations shall become effective as of January 1, 1987.
【案情】公民王某研发了球形水箱的支架技术，2008年被授予实用新型专利，一家民营公司在生产经营此类支架，王某为些提出专利权主张，公司则向专利局申请宣告专利无效，专利复审委经口审后，认为本专利不具有创造性，随做出宣告无效的决定，王某不服，向法院提起行政之诉。
【法理】专利无效宣告是否被撤销，需要通过司法审查，在司法审查程序当中，依据行政诉讼法规定，主要审查行政机关宣告无效的法律依据、事实理由、审查程序是否合法。
【诉由】王某认为第XXX号无效宣告请求审查决定书，认定事实错误，专利复审委的审查员在判断实用新型专利的创造性时，存在脱离审查原则的行为，依据《行政诉讼法》第五十四条第（二）项规定，应予依法撤销行政决定。
【争点】
权利人认为行政决定存在的主要问题1）、违背的具体法律条款：《专利法》第二十二条 授予专利权的发明和实用新型，应当具备新颖性、创造性和实用性。“创造性”是指与现有技术相比，该“实用新型”具有实质性特点和进步；2）、2010年1月21日国家知识产权局令第55号公布的《专利审查指南》第六章 无效宣告程序中实用新型专利审查的若干规定 ４．实用新型专利创造性的审查 在实用新型专利创造性的审查中，应当考虑其技术方案中的所有技术特征，包括材料特征和方法特征。实用新型专利创造性审查的有关内容，包括创造性的概念、创造性的审查原则、审查基准以及不同类型发明的创造性判断等内容，参照本指南第二部分第四章的规定。实用新型的创造性，是指与现有技术相比，该实用新型具有实质性特点和进步。因此，实用新型专利创造性的标准应当低于发明专利创造性的标准。两者在创造性判断标准上的不同，主要体现在现有技术中是否存在“技术启示”。在判断现有技术中是否存在技术启示时，发明专利与实用新型专利存在区别，这种区别体现在下述两个方面。对于实用新型专利而言，一般着重于考虑该实用新型专利所属的技术领域。但是现有技术中给出明确的启示，例如现有技术中有明确的记载，促使本领域的技术人员到相近或者相关的技术领域寻找有关技术手段的，可以考虑其相近或者相关的技术领域。
基于上述法律及审查指南，复委会在无效宣告审查程序中出现的错误：专利复审委在考虑实用新型专利的创造性时，仅仅考虑专利技术解决方案本身，没有考虑本专利的目的和实际技术效果，将权利要求与专利目的和效果割裂开来，未作为一个整体看待，违背审查原则。专利审查指南规定，要克服简单地将对比文的技术特征结合起来轻率地否定一项专利的创造性，应当将专利的技术方案、目的和效果作为一个整体来看待。第XXX号无效宣告请求审查决定书的审查判断方法，正是放弃了对专利目的和技术效果的审查，简单对比，而没有充分地考查各自的目的和要达到的有益效果；专利复审委员会在认定专利技术与对比文献时，忽略了本专利与现有技术在水箱安装及连接方式、大小圆环、水箱入孔检修及水箱侧体装置爬梯的区别，没有考虑为本专利带来的优于或不同于已有技术的“安装操作方便、简单实用的技术效果和克服结构复杂的技术难题”。依据法律规定，复审评价时，应当评价技术方案是否具备创造性，而不是评价某一技术特征是否具备创造性。
【标准】
将“球形水箱的角钢支架”专利技术解决方案与“水塔底座”现有技术相比，对比文献“水塔底座”披露了“塔底”、“塔壁”、“框架”、“容置空间”、“顶托配件”、“抵撑片”、“锁固片”；“对比文献证据1”其中涉及的塔底、塔壁、框架、顶托连接带要素以及自下而上的组合式技术结构，明显不同于专利技术。
对比文献没有披露水塔与底座的连接技术，对框架向下设角限定为三脚杆，对比文献1的设计目的和效果重要“底座”，专利技术的设计目的是角钢“支架”，这些均与要保护的专利是两种结构完全不同的装置。“球形水箱角钢支架”专利独立权利要求的特征部分：“支架”、“环体”、“焊接于环体边缘的多个垂直的支撑杆”、“连接于同一侧的支撑杆之间的上、下横杆及分别连接于环体与上、下横杆上的连接杆”；“水箱体的上端开设有检修入孔”、“水箱一侧的边缘上设置有方便用户安装、检修的爬梯”、“爬梯的一端连接于检修入孔附近的水箱体边缘，另一端置于箱体底端”；这是“球形水箱的角钢支架”专利的整体结构中各主要部件相互结合关系的最本质技术特征，正是这种各部件的紧密组合的关系，使实用新型专利具有实质性特点。
对比文献证据2《设计通讯》“支架式水塔计算方法的研究”披露的是“若干支柱组成”、“垂直地面或自顶部略向外倾斜”、“顶部与底部与环梁连接”、“顶部环梁和水箱环梁为一整体”。“对比文献2”虽然采用了“若干支柱”的网络组合式结构，这种装置并没有披露水箱安装及水箱入孔检修、爬梯技术，且主要强调的技术特征是“箱底环梁”与“支柱顶梁”为一个整体结构，没有披露水箱与支架的安装连接方法，也没有披露“环体、焊接于环体边缘的多个垂直的支撑杆、连接于同一侧的支撑杆之间的上、下横杆以及分别连接于环体与上、下横杆上的连接杆”。
对比文献《建筑力学》“桁架结构”的梁和刚架，属于“桥梁、吊车梁”技术领域，与水箱支架并非相同的技术领域，不具有可比性。对比文献1、2、3的组合与要保护的专利技术各构件装配之间的组合无直接关系。
球形水箱的角钢支架是一种“安装方便、结构简单以及实用的球形水箱的角钢支架”，其连接杆与支撑架装置，不仅结构简单，同时提高了装配速度，达到经济实用的效果，正是为了达到实用这一目的，球形水箱的角钢支架的技术解决方案采用了“水箱”、“安装于水箱体底部的支架”、“角钢支架”包括环体、焊接于环体边缘的多个垂直的支撑杆、连接于同一侧的支撑杆之间的上、下横杆以及分别连接于环体与上、下横杆上的连接杆。目的是便于安装组合，并设有爬梯将水箱体与角钢支架有效组合，大大方便了安装和检修，入孔在上的球形箱体、结构简单的支架与由底端到顶端的爬梯构成一个整体；角钢与球形水箱体的连接方式是焊接或镙铨固定，填补了球形水箱结构的整体技术空白。本专利作用是简单实用，达到制造组装方便，提高了效率，实现了目的。相比之下，“对比文献1”的解决的是“固定”建在高处、增加供水水压、避免倾斜移位的水塔问题；“对比文献2”解决的是支架弯转点及空间结构及稳定性问题；“对比文献3”解决的是桥梁、吊车梁的荷载及结构问题。
【要点】从对比文献的组合看，虽然含盖了部分权利要求中的先需部分的技术，但因其不具备本专利的区别技术特征，显然不具备本专利的技术效果。从上面的分析得出，“对比文献1”中的水塔底座与球形水箱的角钢支架所起的作用有实质性差别，球形水箱的角钢支架与已有技术截然不同，由于目的的不同，采用的技术方案有实质差别，其所达到的效果也不同，这种技术效果对所属领域的普通技术人员来说是意相不到的，因此，将球形水箱的角钢支架的技术解决方案同目的与技术效果三者结合起来，与现有技术对比，其实质性特点是明显的。
根据《专利法》第二十二条三款关于实用新型专利创造性的规定，结合专利审查指南（2010年版）第四章规定，专利复审委要判断专利是否具备创造性，不仅要考虑专利技术解决方案本身的创新程度，而且要考虑本专利目的和实际技术效果，将其作为一个整体看待，用专利审查指南确定的解决创造性的判断标准，要克服简单地将对比文的技术特征结合起来轻率地否定一项专利的创造性的作法，而是将专利的技术方案、目的和效果作为一个整体来看待。专利复审委员会在认定专利技术与对比文献时，忽略了本专利与现有技术在水箱安装及连接方式、大小圆环、水箱入孔检修及水箱侧体装置爬梯的区别，没有考虑为本专利带来的优于或不同于已有技术的“安装操作方便、简单实用的技术效果和克服结构复杂的技术难题。复审评价申请无效宣告时存在主观因素影响对专利创造性的偏低估计，在无效宣告审查程序比对时，应当针对权利要求限定的技术方案，比如对比文献证据1里限定为向下分设四脚杆，顶托配件的连接带设计等客观局限性问题。因此，要求保护的专利技术与现有技术相比，具有更好的技术效果、节约能源、减少能耗、提高效能，已有技术不足以否定和破坏本专利的创造性。
专利技术对现有技术有着要素关系改变的技术特征，省去诸如已有技术里的顶托和连接带等一个或多个部件后，依然保持原有的全部功能，带来预料不到的技术效果，具有实质性特点和显著进步，要求保护的专利技术是对现有技术作出贡献的，体现在专利克服了技术偏见，在如何使得支撑球体水箱的技术领域里，一直存在着技术人员更多地考虑如何稳固和防止地震倾斜的技术趋向，通常认为支撑架部件越多越牢固，而舍弃往简单方便实用角度去考虑，阻碍了人们对本技术的研发，要求保护的正好克服了这些技术偏见，从而解决了技术问题，导致专利产生预料不到的技术效果。专利权人在申请专利时曾经检索已有技术，并未检到对比文献，不存在从文献当中得到启示的先决条件。本专利具备创造性，宣告无效的复审行政行为应予撤销。
中华人民共和国内河交通安全管理条例(附英文)
中华人民共和国内河交通安全管理条例(附英文)
1986年12月16日，国务院
第一章 总 则
第一条 为加强内河交通安全管理，保障船舶、排筏、设施以及人身和财产的安全，以利社会主义建设事业的发展，特制定本条例。
第二条 本条例适用于在中华人民共和国内河通航水域航行、停泊、作业的一切船舶、排筏、设施和人员，以及船舶、排筏、设施的所有人和经营人（以下简称所有人和经营人）。前款内河通航水域，适用于国境河流中国管辖水域；但是，中国政府同其他国家政府签有协议或者协定的，按照协议或者协定执行。
第三条 各级交通管理部门设置的港航监督机构是对内河交通安全实施统一监督管理的主管机关。
第二章 船舶、排筏、设施和人员
第四条 船舶必须具备下列条件，方准航行：一、经船舶检验部门检验，持有合格的技术证书或者文件；二、经登记持有船舶国籍证书或者船舶登记证书或者船舶执照；三、按国家规定必须投保船舶险的船舶，应当持有保险文书或者证明文件；四、按国家规定配备持有合格职务证书的技术船员、驾长、渡工和其他船员。
第五条 机动船舶的船长、轮机长、驾驶员、轮机员、无线电报务员或者话务员，应当经过考试，持有合格职务证书。非机动船舶的驾长、渡工，应当经过考核，持有合格证件。其他船员应当经过安全教育和专业训练。
第六条 竹木排筏应当配备必要的安全航行设备、救生设备和足以保障安全航行的排工。排工配备标准由林业主管部门规定。排关工应当经过林业部门培训，持有合格证件。游览排筏驾驶人员的管理，由主管机关会同有关部门规定。
第七条 设施应当按国家规定配备安全设备和人员。
第八条 船舶应当按国家规定，向主管机关缴纳船舶港务费。
第三章 所有人和经营人
第九条 所有人和经营人必须遵守本条例和国家有关交通安全的规定。
第十条 所有人或者经营人必须对其所有的或者所经营的船舶、排筏、设施的安全负责，并且应当做到下列各项：一、加强对船舶、排筏、设施的安全技术管理，使之处于适航状态或者保持良好技术状况；二、配备的船员、排工或者人员必须符合国家有关规定，不得任用无合格职务证书或者合格证件的人员担任船长、轮机长、驾驶员、轮机员、报务员、话务员、驾长、渡工和排头工；三、加强对船员、排工和其他人员的技术培训和安全教育，不得强令所属人员违章操作；四、根据船舶的技术性能、船员条件、限定航区和水文气象条件，合理调度船舶；五、接受主管机关的监督检查和管理。
第四章 航行、停泊和作业
第十一条 船舶、排筏、设施在内河航行、停泊和作业，必须遵守中华人民共和国的法律、法规和港航规章。
第十二条 外国籍船舶进出中华人民共和国对外国籍船舶开放的内河港口，必须事先经主管机关批准，并申请指派引航员引航。进出港口和在内河航行期间，必须接受主管机关的检查和监护。
第十三条 中国籍船舶进出内河港口，应当办理船舶进出港签证或者接受检查。
第十四条 船舶进出港口和通过交通管制区、通航密 集区或者航行条件受到限制的区域，必须遵守中华人民共和国交通部或者主管机关公布的特别规定。
第十五条 除主管机关特别许可外，禁止船舶、排筏进入或者穿越禁航区。
第十六条 船舶不得超载运输。严禁不具备载客条件的船舶私自搭客。
第十七条 船舶从事拖带航行，应当遵守拖航的有关规定。
第十八条 船舶应当在核定的航区内航行，所采用的航速应当足以保障自身的安全和不危及其它船舶、排筏、设施的安全。在限制航速的区域内和在汛期高水位期间，应当按照规定的航速行驶。
第十九条 船舶和排筏停泊，不得妨碍其它船舶、排筏的正常航行和危及设施、堤防的安全。除无人驳船外，停泊船舶必须留有足以保证船舶安全的船员值班。
第二十条 在通航河流中人放或者拖运竹木排，应当遵守人放或者拖运竹木排的规定。规定由主管机关会同林业主管部门制定。
第二十一条 船舶、排筏、设施有下列情况之一者，主管机关有权禁止其离港，或者令其停航、停止作业、驶向指定地点：一、违反中华人民共和国的有关法律、法规或者港航规章；二、不适航或者不适拖；三、发生交通事故后手续未清；四、未向主管机关或者有关部门交付应承担的
费用，也未提供适当的担保；五、有妨碍交通安全的情况。
第二十二条 船舶、排筏、设施发生事故，对交通安全造成或者可能造成危害时，主管机关有权采取强制性处置措施。
第五章 危险货物管理
第二十三条 船舶、排筏、设施储存、装卸、运输危险货物，必须遵守国家有关危险货物管理和运输的规定。
第二十四条 船舶在港口装卸危险货物或者载运危险货物进出港口，应当按国家有关规定事先报经当地主管机关核准。
第六章 渡口管理
第二十五条 城市渡口的设置或者迁移，由当地人民政府指定的机关批准，其它渡口的设置或者迁移，由县或者县以上人民政府批准。未经批准，不得擅自设置或者迁移渡口，也不得渡客。
第二十六条 渡口管理部门应当加强对渡口的安全管理，主管机关应当加强对渡口安全管理的监督和指导。
第七章 安全保障
第二十七条 航道管理部门和助航标志管理部门，应当加强对航道和助航标志的管理和养护，保持航道畅通和助航标志明显、有效。
第二十八条 助航标志周围不得建造影响其效能的物体。航道两岸有碍航行安全的强灯光和与助航标志相混淆的灯光，应当妥善遮蔽。
第二十九条 未经主管机关或者航道管理部门批准，任何单位和个人不得擅自移动助航标志。如移动或者损坏助航标志，必须立即报告主管机关或者航道管理部门。
第三十条 使用港区岸线，应当事先附图报港口管理部门批准。在港区岸线构筑设施，应当事先经主管机关审核。
第三十一条 设置禁航区、进行水上水下施工或者体育竞赛，以及其它有碍交通安全的活动，应当事先经主管机关核准并发布航行警告或者航行通告。设置军事禁航区，应当事先与主管机关商定，由主管机关发布航行警告或者航行通告。
第三十二条 交通管制区、锚地和停泊区的划定与调整，必须征得当地人民政府同意后，由主管机关报上级机关批准。
第三十三条 在习惯航道内，禁止设置固定网具和拦河捕捞网具，不得种植水生物。擅自设置网具或者种植水生物的，主管机关应当责令所有人限期清除，或者强制清除。
第三十四条 禁止向航道倾倒砂石和废弃物。
第三十五条 沉没在通航水域的船舶、设施或者有碍航行安全的物体，其所有人或者经营人必须按规定设置标志，并报告主管机关。
第三十六条 对影响航行安全和有潜在危险的沉没物、漂流物，其所有人或者经营人应当在主管机关限定的时间内打捞清除。期不清除的，主管机关有权采取措施强制打捞清除，其全部费用由沉没物、漂流物的所有人或者经营人承担。本条前款的规定不影响沉没物、漂流物的所有人、
经营人向第三方索赔的权利。
第三十七条 未经主管机关批准，不得擅自打捞或者拆除通航水域内的沉船、沉物。
第三十八条 设施的搬迁或者拆除，沉船、沉物的打捞或者清除，水上水下施工的善后处理，均不得留有妨碍航行、停泊和作业安全的物体。
第三十九条 船舶、排筏、设施和人员发现下列情况，应当迅速向主管机关报告：一、航道变迁；二、有碍航行安全的物体；三、航行标志的损坏、失常、移位或者灭失；四、有碍航行安全的其它情况。
第四十条 内河航行警告和航行通告，由主管机关统一发布和管理。
第八章 救 助
第四十一条 船舶、排筏、设施遇险，应当采取一切有效措施组织自救，并迅速将发生事故的时间、地点、受损情况、救助要求、事故原因向就近主管机关及其所有人、经营人报告。
第四十二条 事故现场附近的船舶、排筏、设施或者人员，收到求救信号后，应当全力救助遇险人员，并将救助情况及时报告就近主管机关。
第四十三条 船舶、排筏或设施发生碰撞事故，在不危及自身安全的情况下，应当全力救助，不得擅自离开事故现场。
第四十四条 主管机关接到求救报告后，必须立即组织救助，有关部门和事故现场附近的船舶、排筏、设施和人员，应当服从主管机关的统一指挥。
第九章 交通事故的调查处理
第四十五条 船舶、排筏、设施发生交通事故，应当向主管机关提交事故报告书和有关资料，接受调查处理。竹木排筏的交通事故，由主管机关会同林业主管部门调查处理。
第四十六条 主管机关接到事故报告后，应当组织调查。事故当事人和有关人员在接受主管机关调查时，必须如实提供与事故有关的情况。
第四十七条 交通事故引起的民事纠纷，当事人可以申请主管机关调解，不申请调解或者调解不成的，可以向人民法院起诉。涉外民事案件的当事人，还可以书面协议提交涉外仲裁机构仲裁。
第十章 奖励与处罚
第四十八条 对交通安全作出显著成绩，使人员免遭伤亡或者减少伤亡、财产免遭损失或者减少损失的单位或者个人，由主管机关或者本单位给予表彰或者奖励。
第四十九条 对违反本条例或者对交通事故负有责任者，主管机关可给予下列一种或者几种处罚：一、警告；二、扣留或者吊销证书、证件；三、罚款。
第五十条 当事人对主管机关的处罚不服时，可以在接到处罚通知之日起十五日内向人民法院起诉；期满不起诉又不履行的，由主管机关申请人民法院强制执行。
第五十一条 违反本条例应当受治安管理处罚的，由公安机关处理；构成刑事犯罪的，由司法机关依法追究刑事责任。
第十一章 附 则
第五十二条 本条例下列用语的含义是：“内河通航水域”是指中华人民共和国境内的江、河、湖泊、水库、运河内船舶可以航行的水域及其港口。“船舶”是指各类排水或者非排水的船艇和移动式平台。“设施”是指水上、水下各种浮动或者固定的建筑、装置、管道、电缆和固定平台。“作业”是指在通航水域及其岸线进行装卸、勘探、开采、测量、建筑、疏浚、爆破、打捞、救助、捕捞、养殖、潜水以及科学实验和其他水上、水下施工。“交通事故”是指船舶、排筏、设施的碰撞、搁浅、触礁、触损、浪损、风灾、火灾及其它事故。
第五十三条 外国籍船舶进出内河，除遵守本条例外，还应当遵守中华人民共和国对外国籍船舶管理的有关规定。
第五十四条 军事管辖区及军用船舶和公安船舶的内部管理，由国家有关部门依据本条例另行规定。
第五十五条 渔业船舶的登记、检验，渔业船舶船员的考试、发证，渔业船舶之间交通事故的调查处理等内部管理，由国家渔政渔港监督管理部门会同主管机关依据本条例另行规定。
第五十六条 城市风景园林水域和经省、自治区、直辖市人民政府批准的厂矿企业专用水域的交通安全管理，由其所属主管部门或者厂矿企业依据本条例另行规定。
第五十七条 本条例由交通部负责解释，施行细则由交通部制定。
第五十八条 本条例自一九八七年一月一日起施行。
REGULATIONS OF THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA CONCERNING THE AD-MINISTRATION OF TRAFFIC SAFETY ON INLAND WATERS
Important Notice: (注意事项)
英文本源自中华人民共和国务院法制局编译, 中国法制出版社出版的《中华人民
共和国涉外法规汇编》(1991年7月版).
当发生歧意时, 应以法律法规颁布单位发布的中文原文为准.
This English document is coming from the "LAWS AND REGULATIONS OF THE
PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA GOVERNING FOREIGN-RELATED MATTERS" (1991.7)
which is compiled by the Brueau of Legislative Affairs of the State
Council of the People's Republic of China, and is published by the China
Legal System Publishing House.
In case of discrepancy, the original version in Chinese shall prevail.
Whole Document (法规全文)
REGULATIONS OF THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA CONCERNING THE AD-
MINISTRATION OF TRAFFIC SAFETY ON INLAND WATERS
(Promulgated by the State Council on December 16, 1986)
Chapter I General Provisions
Article 1
These Regulations are formulated to improve the administration of traffic
safety on inland waters, ensure the safety of vessels, rafts,
installations, human lives and property and thus facilitate the
development of socialist construction.
Article 2
These Regulations shall apply to all vessels, rafts, installations and
personnel, and to the owners and operators of vessels, rafts and
installations (hereafter shortened to "owners" and "operators") that
navigate, berth, or operate on the inland navigable waters of the People's
Republic of China.
The inland navigable waters mentioned in the previous paragraph shall also
cover the waters under Chinese jurisdiction in border rivers. However, if
agreements have been concluded between the Chinese government and the
governments of other countries, the agreements shall prevail.
Article 3
The harbour superintendencies set up by the communications departments at
various levels shall be the competent authorities responsible for
exercising the unified supervision and control of traffic safety on inland
waters.
Chapter II Vessels, Rafts, Installations and Personnel
Article 4
Vessels must meet the following requirements before they are allowed to
navigate:
(1) holding technical certificates or documents verified as qualified by
the vessel inspection departments after the inspection whereon;
(2) holding vessel nationality certificates, or vessel registration
certificates or vessel licences;
(3) holding insurance policies or insurance certificates as is required of
vessels which must take out vessel insurance according to the relevant
stipulations of the State;
(4) being manned with, according to the relevant State stipulations, crew
members in charge of technical work, chief crewmen, ferrymen and other
crew members who are holding valid certificates of job qualification.
Article 5
The captains, chief engineers, pilots, engineers and radio and telephone
operators of power-driven vessels shall pass examinations and hold valid
certificates of job qualification.
The chief crewmen and ferrymen of non-motorized vessels shall pass
examinations and hold qualification documents.
All other crew members must go through safety instructions and specialized
technical training.
Article 6
Bamboo and wooden rafts shall be fitted out with necessary equipment for
safe navigation, lifesaving appliance and rafters qualified for safe
navigation. The fixed number of rafters to be provided shall be stipulated
by the competent department in charge of forestry. Chief rafters shall
have received special training by the department in charge of forestry and
hold qualification documents.
The administration of rafters for tourist rafts shall be stipulated by the
competent authorities in conjunction with relevant departments.
Article 7
Installations shall be fitted out with safety equipment and personnel
according to stipulations of the State.
Article 8
Vessels shall, in accordance with stipulations of the State, pay harbour
dues to the competent authorities.
Chapter III Owners and Operators
Article 9
Owners and operators must abide by these Regulations and the stipulations
of the State concerning traffic safety.
Article 10
Owners and operators must be responsible for the safety of the vessels,
rafts and installations they own or operate and shall perform the
following obligations:
(1) administration of vessels, rafts and installations shall be
strengthened in terms of safety and technology to keep them in good shape
for navigation or good technical conditions;
(2) the relevant State stipulations must be accorded with in employing
crew members, rafters or other personnel. It is forbidden to employ
captains, chief engineers, pilots, engineers, radio operators, telephone
operators, chief crewmen, ferrymen and rafters who do not hold valid
certificates of job qualification or qualification documents;
(3) technical training and safety instructions shall be strengthened for
crew members, rafters and other personnel; the employees may not be forced
to operate against regulations;
(4) vessels shall be properly dispatched according to the technical
functions of vessels, the qualifications of crew members, the conditions
of the assigned navigation areas and also the hydrological and
meteorological conditions;
(5) they shall be subject to the supervision, examination and
administration of the competent organs.
Chapter IV Navigation, Berthing and Operations
Article 11
In navigation, berthing and operations, vessels, rafts and installations
must abide by the relevant laws, regulations and other rules and
regulations concerning harbour navigation of the People's Republic of
China.
Article 12
Vessels of foreign nationality entering and leaving the inland harbours of
the People's Republic of China that are open to foreign vessels must
obtain the approval of the competent authorities and apply to be navigated
by a Chinese pilot in advance. While they are entering and leaving the
harbours or navigating in inland rivers, foreign vessels must be subject
to the examination and supervision of the competent authorities.
Article 13
Vessels of Chinese nationality entering and leaving inland harbours shall
get port entry and departure visas or accept inspection.
Article 14
When entering or leaving the harbours or passing through traffic control
areas, crowded navigable areas and regions with limited navigational
capacities, vessels must observe the special provisions promulgated by the
Ministry of Communications of the People's Republic of China or the
competent authorities.
Article 15
Except as specially permitted by the competent authorities, vessels and
rafts are prohibited from entering or cutting across restricted navigation
zones.
Article 16
Vessels shall not engage in transportation with overload. Vessels not
equipped for carrying passengers are prohibited from taking on passengers
without permission.
Article 17
Vessels engaged in towing navigation shall observe the relevant
stipulations.
Article 18
Vessels shall navigate in the approved navigation areas at a speed which
is fast enough to ensure their own safety but not so fast as to endanger
the safety of other vessels, rafts and installations. Vessels shall
navigate at the prescribed speed in the areas where speed is restricted
and during periods of high water levels in flood seasons.
Article 19
The berthing of vessels and rafts shall not obstruct other vessels and
rafts from navigating normally or endanger the safety of installations and
dykes. Except for unmanned tug boats, there must be adequate number of
crew members on duty on board the vessels lying at anchor to ensure the
vessels' safety.
Article 20
Manned or towed bamboo and wooden rafts in navigable rivers shall observe
the relevant stipulations formulated by the competent authorities in
conjunction with the competent department in charge of forestry.
Article 21
The competent authorities shall have the right to forbid a vessel, raft or
installation from leaving the harbour, or order it to stop navigation,
cease operations or sail to the designated spot, under any one of the
following circumstances:
(1) it has violated relevant laws, regulations or other rules and
regulations of the People's Republic of China;
(2) it is in a condition not suitable for navigation or towing;
(3) it is involved in a traffic accident and the formalities have not been
completed;
(4) it has not paid the fees that are due, nor has it submitted a suitable
guarantee therefor, to the competent authorities or relevant department;
or
(5) it will in any way jeopardize traffic safety.
Article 22
When vessels, rafts and installations are involved in accidents that
jeopardize or may jeopardize traffic safety, the competent authorities has
the right to handle the matter by adopting compulsory measures.
Chapter V Control of Dangerous Goods
Article 23
When vessels, rafts and installations store, load, unload and transport
dangerous goods, they must abide by the provisions of the State concerning
the control of dangerous goods and their transport.
Article 24
When vessels load and unload dangerous goods at harbours or carry them
into or out of harbours, they shall report to the local competent
authorities for approval in advance according to the relevant provisions
of the State.
Chapter VI Administration of Ferries
Article 25
The setting-up or removal of urban ferries shall be approved by the organs
designated by local people's governments. The setting-up or removal of
other ferries shall be approved by the people's governments at the county
level or above. It is forbidden to set up or remove ferries or ferry
passengers before the approval is obtained.
Article 26
Departments of ferry administration shall strengthen safety control of
ferries. The competent authorities shall strengthen supervision and
direction for this purpose.
Chapter VII Guarantee for Safety
Article 27
Administrative departments for navigation channels and navigational aids
shall strengthen administration and maintenance of navigational channels
and navigational aids, keep channels unblocked and navigational aids
distinct and effective.
Article 28
No objects adversely affecting the efficacy of navigational aids may be
erected around them. Strong lights that hinder navigational safety or any
lights that may mix up with navigational aids on both sides of
navigational lanes, shall be properly screened.
Article 29
Without the approval of the competent authorities or administrative
departments for navigation lanes, no units or individuals may remove
navigational aids. If navigational aids have been removed or damaged, it
must be immediately reported to the competent authorities or
administrative departments for navigational lanes.
Article 30
Applications annexed by illustrations shall be made to the harbour
superintendencies for approval before the coastlines of the harbour areas
may be used. Without the examination and approval of the competent
authorities, no installations may be constructed on the coastlines of the
harbour areas.
Article 31
Approval shall be sought from the competent authorities and navigational
warnings or notices be issued before restricted navigation-zones may be
set up and surface or underwater construction, sports competitions and
other activities affecting traffic safety may be carried out.
Before a restricted military navigation zone is designated, agreement
shall be reached through consultation with the competent authorities,
which shall then issue navigational warnings or notices.
Article 32
The designation and adjustment of traffic control zones, anchorages and
berthing areas must be submitted, with the consent of the local people's
governments, by the competent authorities, to organs at higher levels for
approval.
Article 33
It is forbidden to set up fixed fishing nets and fishing nets cutting
across rivers or to grow water plants in habitual navigational lanes. The
competent authorities shall order the owners of these unauthorized fishing
nets and water plants to eliminate them or have them eliminated by
coercion.
Article 34
It is forbidden to dump gravel and trash into navigational lanes.
Article 35
If vessels, installations or objects which obstruct safe navigation sink
in navigable waters, the owners or operators must set up marks according
to the relevant provisions and report to the competent authorities.
Article 36
Sunken and drifting objects that may affect the safety of navigation and
constitute potential threats shall be gotten away with by the owners or
operators before a deadline set by the competent authorities. If these
objects are not duly cleared away, the competent authorities shall have
the right to take coercive measures to that end, and all the costs thereof
shall be borne by the owners or operators of the sunken or drifting
objects. The provisions of the previous paragraph of this Article shall
not affect the rights of owners and operators of sunken or drifting
objects to demand compensation from third parties.
Article 37
Without the approval of the competent authorities, sunken ships and
objects in the navigable waters may not be salvaged or dismantled.
Article 38
After installations are moved or scrapped, sunken ships and objects
salvaged or cleared away, and the rounding-off work of the surface or
underwater construction handled, no objects may be left to hinder the
safety of navigation, berthing and operations.
Article 39
Vessels, rafts, installations and personnel shall promptly report to the
competent authorities if they discover any of the following situations:
(1) if navigational lanes change;
(2) if there are objects hindering safe navigation;
(3) if navigational aids are damaged or abnormal, moved or lost;
(4) if there is any other situation hindering safe navigation.
Article 40
The competent authorities shall be responsible for uniformly issuing and
administering inland water navigational warnings and navigational notices.
Chapter VIII Assistance and Rescue
Article 41
Vessels, rafts and installations that are in distress shall adopt all
effective measures to organize self-help and promptly report to the
nearest competent authorities as well as their owners or operators the
time and scene of the accident, the extent of damage, the assistance
required and the cause of the accident.
Article 42
Vessels, rafts, installations or personnel in the vicinity of the scene of
an accident that have received distress signals, shall do their best to
rescue the personnel and report promptly to the nearest competent
authorities the situation at the scene.
Article 43
The vessels, rafts and installations involved in a collision shall, under
circumstances where there is no danger to their own safety, do their best
to offer assistance and may not leave the scene of the accident without
authorization.
Article 44
Upon receipt of a report calling for rescue, the competent authorities
must immediately organize a rescue operation. Departments concerned and
vessels, rafts, installations and personnel in the vicinity of the scene
of the accident shall follow the unified directions of the competent
authorities.
Chapter IX Investigation and Handling of Traffic Accidents
Article 45
Vessels, rafts and installations involved in traffic accidents shall
present accident reports and related materials to the competent
authorities and subject themselves to investigations and handling of the
matter.
Traffic accidents involving bamboo and wooden rafts shall be investigated
and handled by the competent authorities in conjunction with the
departments in charge of forestry.
Article 46
The competent authorities shall, upon receipt of accident reports,
organize investigations. The parties involved in the accidents and persons
concerned must, during investigation by the competent authorities, provide
truthful information relating to the accidents.
Article 47
If a traffic accident gives rise to a civil dispute, the parties involved
may apply to the competent authorities for conciliation. If the parties do
not apply for conciliation or conciliation is not successful, they may
bring a suit before the people's court. Parties to a case involving
foreign interests may also, based on a written agreement, submit the case
to an arbitration institution concerning foreign related matters for
arbitration.
Chapter X Awards and Penalties
Article 48
Those units or individuals that have done remarkably in ensuring traffic
safety by preventing or reducing personnel casualties and by preventing or
reducing property losses shall be commended or awarded by the competent
authorities or by their units.
Article 49
With respect to the persons who have violated the provisions of these
Regulations or who are held liable for traffic accidents, the competent
authorities may impose one or a number of the following penalties:
(1) a warning;
(2) withholding or revoking the licences or certificates;
(3) a fine.
Article 50
If a party does not accept the penalty (penalties) imposed by the
competent authorities, he may within 15 days from the date of receiving
the notice of the penalty (penalties), bring a suit before the people's
court; failure to bring a suit or comply with the penalty (penalties)
within this period shall lead to petition by the competent authorities to
the people's court for compulsory enforcement.
Article 51
Those punishable according to the relevant provisions concerning public
security administration for violations of these Regulations shall be dealt
with by public security organs; as for those criminally liable, the
judicial organs shall in accordance with the law pursue their criminal
liabilities.
Chapter XI Supplementary Provisions
Article 52
The following terms as used in these Regulations are defined as follows:
"Inland navigable waters" refers to the navigable waters in the rivers,
lakes, reservoirs and canals as well as harbours within the People's
Republic of China. "Vessels" refers to all types of displacement or non-
displacement ships, boats and mobile platforms.
"Installations" refers to all types of structures, installations,
pipelines and electric cables, on the surface or underwater, fixed or
floating, and fixed platforms as well. "Operations" refers to loading and
unloading, exploration, exploitation, survey, construction, dredging,
demolition, salvage, rescue, fishing, aquatic breeding, diving, scientific
experimentation and other surface or underwater construction carried out
in navigable waters and their shorelines.
"Traffic accidents" refers to collision, running aground, running on
rocks, damage through contact, damage by waves, windstorm, fire and other
accidents happening to vessels, rafts and installations.
Article 53
Vessels of foreign nationality entering and leaving the inland rivers
shall observe, in addition to these Regulations, the relevant provisions
of the People's Republic of China concerning administration of vessels of
foreign nationality.
Article 54
The internal administration of zones under military control and military
vessels as well as public security vessels shall be separately prescribed
by the relevant departments of the State according to these Regulations.
Article 55
The internal administration such as registration and inspection of fishing
vessels, examination and issuing of certificates for crew members of
fishing vessels and investigation and handling of traffic accidents among
fishing vessels shall be separately prescribed according to these
Regulations by the State fisheries administration and fishing ports
superintendency departments in conjunction with the competent authorities.
Article 56
The traffic safety control of the waters at urban scenic spots and gardens
and of the waters exclusively used by factories, mines and other
enterprises as approved by the people's governments of the provinces,
autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the Central
Government shall be separately prescribed according to these Regulations
by the competent departments or the factories, mines and enterprises
concerned.
Article 57
These Regulations shall be interpreted by the Ministry of Communications,
which shall also formulate the rules for the implementation.
Article 58
These Regulations shall become effective as of January 1, 1987.
